Virgin Mary's flower garden

Common Name	Scientific Name	Medieval Name and/or Religious Meaning
Amaryllis	Amaryllis belladonna	Beautiful Lady
Amaryllis	Hippeastrum hybr.	St. Joseph's Lily
Anemone, double-flowered	Anemone coronaria	St. Brigid
Aster	Aster nova-belgii For the autumn garden, tough, adaptable, and an extremely reliable perennial, blooming September till frost. Excellent cut flower and attracts butterflies. Sun - Pt. Sun. Avg. Water. Perennial. USDA Zones 3-10.	Michaelmas Daisy (September)
Baby's Breath	Gypsophila panicul.	Lady's Veil
Bachelor's Buttons	Centauria cyannis Bright, richest blue, 2.5” wide, edible blooms. Perfect mid-bed cut flowers. Rich soil. Dead-head to prolong flowering and for blooms Spring & Summer. Self-sows. Full- Pt.Sun. Avg.water. Annual All Zones	Mary's Crown
Bean caper plant	Zygophyllum dumosum	Possibly Found on Shroud of Turin.
Begonia	Begonia fuchsioides Begonia boliviensis forms 2' clumps in the garden with numerous blooming stems, heavy with flame-like crimson orange flowers all through the Summer. A very hardy plant, this Begonia goes deciduous in Winter & returns from tuberous roots in late Spring around May or June (be patient!) A good choice for hanging baskets & shady pots. This plant is easier to grow & keep track of in pots because of their long dormancy. The leaves are of an angel-wing type. This species hails from Argentina, where it can be found hanging from shady cliffs. If planted in the ground, good drainage is essential. Pt.Sun/Shade. Reg.water. Perennial. USDA Zones 7b-10.	Heart of Jesus
Begonia	Begonia fuch. rosea	Heart of Mary
Bellflower	Adenophera A vigorous and profuse bloomer for part shade, this Campanula relative from Asia grows to 30” tall, forming nice sized flaring, pendulous, lavender-blue bells, held on upright spikes from late summer to fall. The flowers are fragrant and are good for cutting too. Adenophora lilifolia forms fleshy roots and will spread with age. After flower spike is spent, cut it back to the base to encourage even more bloom. Loves rich, moist soil. Self sows. Pt. Sun-Pt. shade. Average-moist soil	Lady Bell
Bird of Paradise	Streliztia reginae It has cylindrical, reed-like leaves that grow to about 4’ tall. It is very architectural. Great cut flowers. A long-lived plant, it is slow growing but very floriferous once it starts blooming. It is Native to South Africa, Strelitzia is drought resistant but does adapt well to moister gardens. It likes well-drained soil and some compost in Winter to feed it through the next year. It is wind resistant and would grow well in coastal gardens. It makes quite an impact planted in groups but is also very emphatic as a single specimen. Plant in full sun for best profuse flowers. Tolerates light frost. Please note that young leaves look just like a regular Strelizia, but they will become rush like when the plant matures. Full Sun. Low/Avg. Water. Perennial. USDA Zones 10a-11.	Bird of Paradise
Black-Eyed Susan	Rudbeckia hirta Summer skies incarnate! This beauty has a clear lemon central disk & can brighten up any Fall garden. Grows to 2’ tall & wide & prefers a sunny locale. Pair with Asperula orientalis or Pycnostachys urticifolia for a contrast or with the purples of Caryopteris incana for a lovely complimentary planting until winter, can flower over winter if deadheaded. Sun/Pt. Sun. Avg. Water. Annual. All Zones.	Golden Jerusalem
Bleeding Heart	Dicentra spectabilis	Mary's Heart Flower essence good for heart pain and endocarditis.
Blue Phlox	Phlox divaricata	Lady's Wedding
Bluets	Houstonia caerul. Requirements: Soil Type - Well drained, sandy loam. Soil ph - Neutral. Water - Dry. Light - Full sun. Characteristics: Height - ¼ - ½ in. flower stems to 6 in. Time of bloom - May - July. Flower colors - Pale blue - yellow eye. Propagation - Seed, division. Transplants - Easily .	Madonna's Eyes
Bougainvillea	Bougainvillea gen.	Trinitaria. Saint Archangel Michael
Buttercup	Ranunculus acris Ranunculus acris is a PERENNIAL growing to 1 m (3ft 3in). It is not frost tender. It is in flower from May to July. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Bees, flies, beetles, lepidoptera. Suitable for: light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils. Suitable pH: acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It prefers moist or wet soil.	Lady's Locks
Buttercup	Ranunculus sp.	Our Lady's Bowl
Camelia	Camellia (japonica) Camellias are shrubs that come mainly from China and Japan. They have pink, red, or white single or double flowers of great beauty, often three to five inches across. Blooms appear in fall, winter, or spring. The leaves are very shiny and deep green, two to four inches long, and are evergreen. When mature, long-lived camellias can take the form of small trees about 20 feet tall but usually are more shrublike at heights of five to ten feet. How to grow: Plant camellias in partial shade in moist, acidic, rich, well-drained soil. Protect the plants from wind and sunscald in winter. Mulch to keep the roots moist. Prune after flowering is finished if necessary to improve the form. Uses: Camellias make striking accent plants. They can be used as foundation plantings where they are hardy if the soil is sufficiently acidic. Where hardy, they are excellent in wooded areas.	(Purity)
Calla Lily	Zantedeshia aethiop.	St. Joseph's Staff
Canna	Canna generalis	Rosary Beads
Canterbury Bells	Campanula medium	Our Lady's Nightcap, Mary Bells, Our Lady's Smock
Caper, Caper bushes	Capparis spinosa (var. aegyptia)	? Found on Shroud of Turin. See footnote for more information on the flowers of the Holy Shroud.
Carnation	Dianthus caryophyllus	Mary's Love of God. These flowers are said to have bloomed at Christ's Nativity, according to a German legend. (January) Saint Jeanne d' Arc, obedience, loyalty and fidelity.
Castilian roses (Damascus Roses or Damask Rose)	Rosa damascena	Native-to-Spain flowers, the variety that St. Juan Diego found after the vision of Our Lady at Guadalupe.
Chrysanthemum (mum)	Chrysanthemum	All Saints' Flower. Chrysanthemums in general are associated with death and are used and funerals and to adorn graves (Chrysanthemum coronarium is believed by scientists to have been present when Christ was laid in the tomb. See footnotes). (November)
Clematis	Clematis virginiana Prefers a position in full sun to partial shade but with a cool shaded and mulched root zone and with something for it to scramble up on it will amaze you. But it is just as happy covering your azaleas (don't worry - it won't choke them out and it doesn't even come on until late summer). Direct sow outdoors in fall or stratify indoors if sowing in spring. Germination can be erratic even in the best of conditions, so I recommend you stratify and sow indoors to monitor.It can take a few seasons to really get established outside, but once established, prune hard in the early spring. Seed is easily gathered after flowers fade.	Virgin's Bower
Clematis	Clematis (flammula)	Cross
Columbine	Aquilegua vulgaris	Our Lady's Shoes, Lady's Slipper. Said to have sprung up under Our Lady's feet as she went to visit Elizabeth. The dove-shaped petals of this flower invited -- and invites -- its use for decoration on the Feast of the Pentecost.
Corn Marigold	Chrysanthemum segetum	Mary's Gold (November)
Cosmos	Cosmos sp.	St. Michael's Flower (September)
Costmary	Chrysanthemum bals.	Mary's Leaf
Cowslip	Primula veris	Lady's Keys
Crocus	Crocus vernus	Penitent's Rose
Cross Vine	Bignonia capreolata	Cross Vine
Crown Daisy	Chrysanthemum coronarium	? I don't know the medieval name for this flower, but "Crown Daisy" is appropriate: this flower shows up on the Shroud of Turin. See footnote for more information on the flowers of the Holy Shroud.
Daffodil	Narcissus pseudo-narc.	Mary's Star
Dahlia	Dahlia (hybrids)	Churchyard Flower
Day Lily	Hemerocallis flava	St. Joseph's Lily
Dieffenbachia	Dieffenbachia sao ant.	St. Anthony Dieffenbachia
Dog Rose	Rosa canina	Mary's Thorn
Dutchman's Breeches	Dicentra cucullaria	I don't know the medieval name for this interesting flower, but it has sentimental interest for me so I would love to discover it if anyone happens to know and cares to write.
Edelweiss	Leontopodium alp.	Purity
Easter Lily	Lilium longiflorum	Easter Lily
English Daisy	Bellis perennis	Mary-Love
English Holly	Ilex aquifolium	Burning Bush
Evening Primose	Oenothera biennia	Easter Candle
Fern	Asplenium ruta-mur.	Lady's Hair
Field Bindweed	Convolvulus arvensis	This lovely flowering plant -- closely related to, resembling, and sometimes called the same name as the Morning Glory -- is pervasive once planted and, so, is generally considered a weed. Its old common name according to the Grimm's short tale of the same name is "Our Lady's Little Glass." The story in its entirety: "Once upon a time a waggoner's cart which was heavily laden with wine had stuck so fast that in spite of all that he could do, he could not get it to move again. Then it chanced that Our Lady just happened to come by that way, and when she perceived the poor man's distress, she said to him, 'I am tired and thirsty, give me a glass of wine, and I will set thy cart free for thee.' 'Willingly,' answered the waggoner, 'but I have no glass in which I can give thee the wine.' Then Our Lady plucked a little white flower with red stripes, called field bindweed, which looks very like a glass, and gave it to the waggoner. He filled it with wine, and then Our Lady drank it, and in the self-same instant the cart was set free, and the waggoner could drive onwards. The little flower is still always called Our Lady's Little Glass."
Forget-me-not	Myostis scorpoides, Myostis sylvatica	Eyes of Mary
Forsythia	Forsythia suspensa	Easter Bush
Foxglove	Digitalis purpurea	Our Lady's Gloves
Fuchsia	Fuchsia speciosa	Christ's Blood Drops or Our Lady's Eardrops
Geranium	Pelargonium (dom)	Lady Beautiful
Geranium	Pelargonium sp.	Heart of Jesus, Gentle Virgin
German Iris	lris germanica	Mary's Sword of Sorrow
Gladiolus	Gladiolus sp.	Twelve Apostles, Ladder to Heaven
Golden Rod	Solidago canad.	Lady's Plant
Grape Hyacinth	Muscari (gen)	St. Joseph's Bells
Grape Hyacinth	Muscari botryoides	Church Steeples
Ground Ivy	Nepeta hederacea	Madonna's Herb
Hawthorn	Crataegus monogyna	Mary's Mayflower(May)
Hawthorn	Crataegus oxyacana	Mary's Berry (May). The Crataegus Oxyacantha praecox variety is the plant of England's "Glastonbury Thorn" -- a plant of Mediterranean origin but which, in Somerset, blooms twice: at Easter and at Christmas. It, therefore, has become a symbol of Christmas. The Glastonbury Thorn is said to have arisen when St. Joseph of Arimathea thrust his hawthorn staff into the ground in Somersetshire. The original plant was destroyed by Puritans (the soldier who did the chopping is said to have been struck in the eye by a large splinter from the tree), but shoots from it were taken, and England's Glastonbury Thorn lives. Since 1929, blossoms from the Glastonbury Thorn are sent to England's Monarchs for their table on Christmas Day.
Heather	Calluna vulgaris	Lady's Adversary
Holly (Christmas Holly)	Ilex opaca. var.	Christmas Holly (December)
Holly (English Holly)	Ilex aquifolium	Burning Bush
Hollyhock	Althea rosea	St. Joseph's Staff
Honeysuckle	Lonicera caprifol., Lonicera (japonica)	Lady's Fingers (June)
Honeysuckle	Lonicera xylosteum	Lady's Stick (June)
Hosta (Plantain Lily)	Hosta plantaginea	Assumption Lily
Hyacinth	Hyacinthus oriental.	Lily-Among-Thorns, Lily-of-Valley
Hydranga var.	Hydranga macro. mar.	Ave Maria
Impatiens	Impatiens Wallerana	Our Lady's Earrings, or Mother Love
Ivy	Hedera helix	Where God has Walked
Jasmine	Jasminum officinale	Mary
Job's Tears	Coix lachryma-jobi	Job's Tears (Job 16:20). The seeds of this plant are often used for Rosary beads.
Jonquil	Narcissus jonquilla (December)	St. Joseph's Staff
Judas Tree	Cercis siliquastrum	Said to be the tree upon which Judas hanged himself after betraying Our Lord. It is a beautiful tree, with lovely pink flowers in the Spring.
Larkspur	Delphinium ajacis, Delphinum (grandif.)	Mary's Tears (July)
Lavender	Lavendula (offic.)	Flight into Egypt
Lilac	Syringa vulgaris	Ascension Flower
Lily-of-the-Valley	Convallaria majalis	Our Lady's Tears. These flowers are said to have blossomed from Mary's tears for her Son as she stood at the foot of the Cross. (May)
Lungwort	Pulmonaria officinalis	Mary's Milkdrops, Our Lady's Milk Herb, The Virgin Mary's Tears
Madonna Lily	Lilium candidum	Annunciation Lily, Virgin Lily or Mary's Lily Note: The Venerable Bede (A.D. 672-735) described the white petals as symbols of Mary's body, and the golden anthers as symbols of the glory of her soul. Roses and lilies were said to have filled Mary's empty tomb when it was opened by the Apostles. While lilies' association with purity cause them to be depicted with many Saints, such as SS. Francis and Claire, they are most strongly associated with St. Joseph, whose rod is said, in the Gospel of the Nativity of Mary, to have blossomed to prove he was worthy to guard Mary and become her spouse; with St. Anthony of Padua, because lilies left in chuches on his Feast Day miraculously remained fresh during the French Revolution; and with the archangel Gabriel, who is depicted as presenting Mary with the lily at the Annunciation (hence the name "Annunciation Lily"). Lilies are also associated with Solomon's Temple (III Kings 7:19-22), and their beauty is commented on by Christ Himself (Luke 12:27).
Maltese Cross	Lychnis chalcedonica	"Maltese Cross" (or "Jerusalem Cross"). The shape of these flowers' petals strongly evokes the Maltese Cross, and they are said to have been introduced into Europe, from Russia and Siberia, by the crusading Knights of Malta.
Marigold	Calendula officin.	Mary's Gold (October)
Meadowsweet	Filipendula ulmar.	Our Lady's Belt
Millfoil	Achillea millefolia	Christ's Back, Our Lord's Back
Mistletoe	Viscum album	Cross
Moonflower	Calonyction acul.	Lady-of-Night
Morning Glory	Ipomoea purpurea	Our Lady's Mantle (September)
Nasturtium	Tropaeolum majus	St. Joseph's Flower
Orchid	Orchis purpurea	Lady Orchis
Orchid	Brassavola nodosa	Lady-of-Night
Orchid	Orchis maculata	Gethsemani
Oriental Poppy	Papaver orientale	Christ's Blood, Crucifixion Blood-Drops (August)
Ox-Eye Daisy	Chrysanthemum leucanthemum	Mary's Star. The legend told is that the Magi followed the star to Bethlehem but weren't sure where to go once there. King Melchior then saw the ox-eye daisy growing, which looked very much like the star they'd followed. He picked it, and the door to the stable opened revealing the Holy Family.
Pansy	Viola tricolor	Trinity Flower, Our Lady's Delight
Passion Flower	Passiflora	Passion Flower, whose 5 stamens symbolize the Five Wounds of Christ; the outer fringe, the crown of thorns; and stigmas, the nails. See more here.
Periwinkle	Vinca rosea	Virgin Flower
Petunia	Petunia hybr.	Lady's Praise
Peony	Paeonia officinalis	Pentecost Rose (does anyone know of any name or meaning associated with Paeonia lactiflora?)
Pink	Dianthus (gen)	Mary's Pink
Poet's Narcissus	Narcissus poeticus	Lady's Rose
Poinsettia	Euphorbia pulcherima	Nativity Flower, Christmas Star
Pot Marigold	Calendula officinalis	Mary's Gold
Primrose	Primula elatior	Mary's Candlestick (February)
Primrose	Primula vulgaris	Lady's Frills (February)
Quaking Grass	Briza	Lady's Tresses, Our Lady's Braids
Ranunculus, double-flowered	Ranunculus	I don't know the medieval name for this flower, but it's a gorgeous blossom.
Rose	Rosa	White: Mary's Purity Red: Mary's Sorrow and the Blood of Christ. Also martyrdom. Gold: Mary's Glory Red and White: Visitation Note: The Rose symbolizes Mary herself (she is known as "The Mystical Rose," see Litany of Loreto and is described in Dante's Paradiso when the guide asks him to contemplate Mary, "Why are you so enamored of my face that you do not turn your gaze to the beautiful garden which blossoms under the radiance of Christ? There is the Rose in which the Divine word became flesh: here are the lilies whose perfume guides you in the right ways." Roses and lilies were said to have filled Mary's empty tomb when it was opened by the Apostles. Roses are also associated with SS. Dorothy and Thérèse of Lisieux (who both send roses from Heaven), Elizabeth of Hungary, and Rose of Lima. St. Francis once threw himself on the thorns of a rosebush as penance. Since then, the rosebushes in that garden (near the cloister of Santa Maria degli Angeli in Assisi) have no thorns. See also the entry for Castilian Roses. (June)
Rock Rose	Cistus (landanif.)	Rose of Sharon
Rock Rose	Cistus creticus	? Shows up on Shroud of Turin. See footnote for more information on the flowers of the Holy Shroud.
Rose of Jericho	Selaginella lepidophylla and Anastatica hierochuntica	This desert plant survives in a curled up, dormant, brown, dessicated state for years, and then opens up and turns green with a bit of water. After returning to a lovely green, it goes dormant again when its water source is removed. Because of this fascinating property, it is often kept dormant in the home and brought out at Christmas time to blossom and then close in order to symbolize the opening and closing of Mary's womb. The plant is also known as the Resurrection Plant, Siempre Viva ("Everlasting"), and Dinosaur Plant.
Rose of Sharon	Hibiscus syriacus	Rose of Sharon
Scabiosa	Scabiosa columbaria	Mary's Pincushion
Scotch Thistle	Onopardon acanthium	Judas' Cloak
Sea Pink	Armeria maritima	Our Lady's Cushion. These flowers are said to have made a place for Mary to sit during the Flight into Egypt.
Shamrock	Trifolium dubium	a symbol of St. Patrick and his evangelization of Ireland, and of Ireland itself -- but St. Patrick used it as a symbol of the Trinity, with each leaf representing a Divine Person while the plant remains one plant.
Snapdragon	Antirrhinum majus	Infant Jesus' Shoes
Snowdrop	Galanthus nivalus	"Candlemas Bells" or "Purification Flowers." These flowers are said to have bloomed on Candlemas, when Mary took Jesus to the Temple for His "redemption." (January)
Spanish Moss	Mentha requienii	Mother-of-Thousands
Spiderwort	Tradescantia zebrina (Zebrina pendula)	Wandering Jew. The name for this plant -- often used as a houseplant -- derives from an old legend about a Jew who mocked and hit Christ during His Passion and so was condemned by Him to wander the earth until the Last Judgment. Two other species of this plant are also known by this name: Tradescantia fluminensis and Tradescantia pallida (Setcreasea purpurea, Purple Heart).
Star-of-Bethlehem	Ornithogalum umbellatum	symbol of the star that led the Magi to Christ
Stock	Mathiola incana	Our Lady's Violet
Strawberry	Frageria vesca	Fruitful Virgin
Summor Phlox	Phlox paniculata	Christ's-Cross Flower
Sunflower	Helianthus annus	Mary's Gold
Sweet Alyssum	Lobularia maritima	Blessed by Mary, Mary's Little Cross
Sweet Pea	Lathyrus odoratus	Our Lady's Flower (April)
Sweet Pea	Lathyrus pratensis	Mary's Foot (April)
Sweet William	Dianthus barbatus	Lady Tuft
Tournefort's gundelia	Gundelia tournefortii	? Found on Shroud of Turin. See footnote for more information on the flowers of the Holy Shroud.
Tuberose	Polianthes tuberosa	St. Joseph's Staff
Tulip	Tulipa gesneriana	Mary's Prayer
Violet	Viola odorata	Our Lady's Modesty (March)
Water Lily	Nymphaea alba	Lady-of-the-Lake (July)
Winter Rose (Snow Rose)	Helleborus niger	Christmas Rose, or Lent Rose. A German Christmas symbol.
Wisteria	Wisteria frutescen	Virgin's Bower
Wood Anemone	Anemone nemorosa	Candlemas Caps, Lady's Nightcap
Yellow Flag Iris	Iris pseudocorus	Fleur-de-lis of French royalty, Mary as Queen, the Immaculate Conception
Yucca	Yucca treculeana	St. John's Palm
Zinnia	Zinia elegans	The Virgin, Church Flower
Zinnia	Zinnia multiflora	Little Mary, The Virgin
Herbs
Parsley	Petrosolenium crisp.	Our Lady's Little Vine
Sage	Salvia officinalis	Mary's Shawl
Rosemary	Rosmarinus officin.	Mary's Nosegay
Thyme	Thymus vulgaris	The Virgin's Humility
Chives	Allium schoenopras.	Our Lady's Garleek
tarragon	Artemisia dracunculus	its botanical name means "Little Dragon" and evokes St. Martha's slaying of the dragon known as La Tarasque
Dill	Anethium graveolens	Devil-Away
Coriander	Coriandrum sativum	St. John's Head
Sweet Bay	Laurus nobilis	St. Bridget's Flower
Basil	Ocimum basilicum	Holy Communion Plant. Pots of basil are used to decorate homes and to give away as gifts on St. Anthony of Padua's Day.
Marjoram	Origanum vulgare	Mary's Bedstraw
Cumin	Cummin cyanum	Cross-Cummin
Fennel	Foenlculum vulgare	Our Lady's Fennel
Anise	Pimpinella anisum	Our Lady's Sprig, Lady's Tobacco
Spearmint	Mentha spicata	Mary's Mint
Chicory	Cichorlum intybus	Heavenly Way
Horehound	Marrubium vulgare	Mother-of-God's Tea, Mary's Nettle
Sassafras	Sassafras (albidum)	Virgin's Tree
Hyssop (Syrian Oregano)	Origanum syriacum	I am unable to find a medieval name for this plant, but include it because of its importance in the Passover, Psalms and Passion. The variety of hyssop properly called Hyssopos officinal., and known as St. Joseph's Plant in the Middle Ages, is not the variety spoken of in the Bible and at the Mass. The Biblical plant is Origanum maru.
Catnip	Nepeta cataria	Mary's Nettle
Feverfew	Chrysanthemum parth.	Mary's Flower
Feverfew	Parthenium hystero.	Santa Maria
Chamomile	Anthemus cotula	Maiden Weed
Chamomile	Matricaria chamom.	Lady's Flower
St. John's Wort	Hypericum perforatm	St. John's Wort, Fuga Daemon ("Devil's Flight"), John's Blood, Jesus' Blood Drops, Christ's Sweat, Mary's Glory
Spikenard (or "Nard")	Nardostachys grandiflora (or Nardostachys jatamansi)	The portion of the plant just above the roots has a patchouli-like scent which was used by Mary Magdalen in the ointment she used to annoint Christ.
Dandelion	Taraxicum officin	Mary's Bitter Sorrow
Valerian	Valeriana officin.	Lady's Needlework
Pennyroyal	Mentha pulegium	Lady's Flavoring